John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (called Ronald for short; b. January 3, 1892 in South Africa – died September 2, 1973 in England) is best known as the author of The Hobbit and its sequel The Lord of the Rings. Among many academic positions, he was professor of Anglo-Saxon language at the University of Oxford from 1925 to 1945, and of English studies (English language and literature), also at Oxford, from 1945 to 1959. He was a strongly committed Roman Catholic. Tolkien was a close friend of C.S. Lewis, with whom he shared membership in the literary discussion group The Inklings.
In addition to The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and The Adventures of Tom Bombadil, within his lifetime, Tolkien’s published fiction includes The Silmarillion and other posthumously published books about what he called a legendarium, a fictional mythology of the remote past of Earth, called Arda, and Middle-earth (from middangeard, the lands inhabitable by Men) in particular. Most of these works were compiled from Tolkien’s notes by his son Christopher Tolkien. The enduring popularity and influence of Tolkien’s works have established him as the “father of the modern fantasy genre”. Tolkien’s other published fiction includes stories for children, not connected to his legendarium.
The significance of his literary oeuvre has generated decades of “Tolkien scholarship” and research across the Western world, and a considerable resulting output of secondary literature by many scholars and enthusiasts.
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